INTRODUCTION:

Influenza is an infectious respiratory disease in human and it is caused by influenza A (genus influenza virus A), influenza B (genus influenza virus B). The symptoms produces by the influenza are mainly on upper respiratory tract and characterized by fever, sore throat, headache, runny nose, cough, muscle pain and fatigue to severe and in some cases lethal pneumonia.

In the previously the 1st influenza virus pandemic was caused by novel H1N1 influenza A which is circulated in pigs. At that time the vaccines are not available¹. The current drugs of influenza A is target the viral M2 ion channel and inhibitors of NA enzyme have the limitation as viral resistance against M2 inhibitor is important in current circulating human influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 strain. H3N2 are the subtype of influenza A. It is having symptoms to the covid 19.

The rapid-fire development of sequencing technology and specific strategies for influenza contagion genomics in the once decade enables sequencing of thousands of ‘full’ viral genomes annually². where each genome consists of the rendering sequences on each of the eight influenza genome parts minus member confines. Throughout life humans are constantly infected by influenza contagions, primarily due to antigenic drift wherein amino acid negotiations in the hemagglutinin (HA) and/ or neuraminidase NA) face glycoproteins induce contagions that escape from impunity convinced by previous infection or vaccination³. Out of the fourco-circulating lineages of epidemic influenza contagions, A (H3N2) evolves the most fleetly, with generally advanced circulation situations, challenging further frequent updates to the specific strain used in the seasonal influenza vaccine⁴. Due to ramifications in vaccine strain selection, advancements to shadowing and prognosticating spread of A (H3N2) variants presents an occasion for scientific perceptivity to ameliorate public health issues.

What is H3N2 virus:

H3N2 is the influenza virus. It is the Sub type of influenza A. It causes the respiratory infection; mostly upper part of respiratory infection are occured. It is seen in both the animals and birds. It has mutated into various strains. H3N2 is an important cause of the human influenza according to the world health organization (WHO)⁵.

What are symptoms:

1) The H3N2 viral patient shows the symptom of fever. Fever it means the it is medical sign that your body is trying to flight and kill the foreign microorganisms according to that now the foreign microorganisms is the H3N2 influenza virus.

2) Caughing is another symptoms. It is seen in very 1st after infection in the body and remain same upto the last⁶. Caughing it will take time to remain same. Since other symptoms may be away in three to four days.

3) The another symptoms are the fatigue. Fatigue will be definitely observed in the H3N2 viral infected person. Fatigue it means the feeling weakness and more tired. It block our mind from feeling weak so we are not recover from illness.

4) Next one symptoms is muscle pain. It is mostly observed. It is specifically seen in muscle of legs and back side⁷.

5) Another is that the sore throat. It is generally observed in the H3N2 infected patients. If we have such type of symptoms we try to do gargle with warm water.

6) If all symptoms are trouble you then our brain are having habit that all symptoms are automatically generated into our body.

7) Some patients of are having breathing problem during infection or nasal cavity blockage. At that time we should take the steam of fresh water.

How the H3N2 virus spread:

The extremely contagious H3N2 virus are transmitted from one person to another person by the droplet released by the infected person. It shows the spreading pattern as like the corona virus. Supposed the infected person having cough and during sneezing their droplet are land on the face of another person⁸. In these virus infection make the complications into the childrens, old age people and pregnant womens are generally observed.

Precautions to be taken:

According that the virus attacks the respiratory tract so it is important to;

1) Do not kept or touch hands to any were.

2) Wash your hands frequently; specially before eating and before touching your nose, mouth.

3) Avoid the crowded areas as possible as such as public places, school.

4) Cover your mouth and nose when you are in crowd or you sneeze.

5) Take the proper rest.

6) Eat healthy.

7) Drink lots of fluid.

8) To check the oxygen level continuously with the help of pulse oximeter.

Treatment for H3N2 virus:

1) Firstly take proper rest.

2) Drink more amount of fluid.

3) The antiviral drugs used to treat H3N2 in adult and children.

4) Some drugs are currently recommended like Zanamivir, Oseltamivir, peramivir⁹.

Viral growth and their Transmition:

The Transmition and isolation of H3N2 influenza A virus is essential to determine the antigenic and antiviral sensitivity of different strains¹⁰. In many year ago the influenza A virus are propagated in the embryonic egg of chicken, and this medium are used many researcher to production of vaccine today¹¹. Ennoble mammalian cell line are also used to propagate influenza virus. These process are simple, cost effective. For the viral growth LLC- MK2 and Vero cells are also used¹². But madin-Darby canine Kidney (MDCK) cells are easy to handle cell line. Influenza viruses isolated from MDCK cell culture¹³. It shows the same hemagglutinin sequence as the original virus. Where as the treditional chicken egg method shows different sequence of hemagglutinin from the original¹⁴. As, MDCK SIAT1 cells are now used as medium for propagation of modern H3N2 influenza viruses¹⁵. It maintains the infectivity of virus and avoiding the generation of defective viruses.

Fig: Viral Growth and their Transmition

Biology of influenza:

Influenza viruses are belong to family orthomyxoviridae. They are negative single stranded (ss) RNA viruses. In all the four type of influenza, the type A viruses (IAV) infect large host range including human being and other species of animals, and show severe despairing¹⁶. Influenza are further divided into subtype according to the antigenic difference of two surface glycoprotein¹⁷. i.e Hemagglutinin (HA or H) and neuraminidase (NA and N). Influenza A virus may shows the combination of the two proteins on surface. For example - H1N1, H2N2,H3N2, H5N1 to H5N9, H7N1 to H7N9, H9N2, H10N7¹⁸. Most of the influenza are found in wild aquatic avian species but recently found species in bats¹⁹. Other B and C influenza are infect the human being²⁰. The genome of influenza A virus, influenza B virus containing eight RNA segment that indicate it having eight functional different proteins while other two influenza B virus and influenza C virus having seven gene segment due to they lack their fifth segment for neuraminidase²¹. Hemagglutinin (HA) is the product of fourth influenza virus²².

Vaccines against influenza:

Annual vaccination are recommended against influenza for general population seasonal influenza vaccines are trivalent or quadrivalent²³. Virus strains are changed year to year due to immunity produce by the vaccine in previous year²⁴. Usually viruses are antigenically and genetically matched with causative virus for influenza vaccine²⁵.

Vaccination are most important and effective against influenza infection. These influenza vaccine are propagated in embryonated egg with in 8 to 10 days²⁶. The vaccines are contained some ingredients that cause allergic reaction like seen in small childrens, old people²⁷. It make complications and not well protected by influenza vaccination. There are no any perticular vaccine for influenza C virus infection²⁸.

CONCLUSION:

The present review provides the variation in influenza virus. Influenza viruses shows many alteration day by day²⁹. The H3N2 is spread widely in population. These H3N2 influenza A virus shows various symptoms like fever, coughing, muscle pain etc³⁰. It having some treatment and all precautions to be taken. It shows the rapid viral growth and their transmition³¹. It suggest that Vaccination are most important and effective against influenza infection³².

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Received on 09.06.2023 Modified on 03.07.2023

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2023; 13(4):277-280.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2023.00050